A Web-Based Multi-Robot Teleoperation Platform: Architecture, Implementation, and User Evaluation

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a web-based multi-robot teleoperation platform that enables remote access to heterogeneous robots for education and re- search. In contrast to most existing remote laboratories, which are limited to single-robot control or simulation environments, the proposed system integrates real-time video streaming, bidirectional control, and user management within a modular client–server web architecture. The platform was deployed with three distinct robotic systems—an industrial manipulator, a humanoid, and a quadruped—each hosted on independent servers with public IP access. A cross-border user study with Technological University Dublin was conducted, where participants performed guided teleoperation tasks and completed structured surveys. The re- sults demonstrated high usability, low-latency performance, and positive educational impact across diverse robot morphologies. These findings suggest that the proposed platform provides a scalable and accessible solution for remote robotics education and international collaboration, bridging the gap between simulation-based training and real-world robot interaction.